Scientific journal «Engineering of nature management»

Expansion of the temperature range of operation of filter materials based on polytetrafluoroethylene by reinforcing the polymer matrix

2022-08-16T20:28:13+00:00

In order to increase the stability of the pore space of porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) at ele-vated temperatures, composites based on commercial PTFE have been prepared. Highly refined MG-1 graphite and activated carbon powder were used as reinforcing materials. Deformation curves and hardness values of HRB PTFE and composites based on it were obtained. A technological process of the production of porous composites based on PTFE with a polymer matrix reinforced with graphite MG-1 has been developed. The sodium chloride was used as a porogen, which was removed from the semi-finished products by leaching for the production of bulk porous composites with open porosity and controlled pore structure.

The porous materials based on PTFE with a porosity of and porous PTFE-based compo-sites reinforced with graphite with the same porosity, were obtained.Optical microscopic studies of porous PTFE and porous composite based on PTFE reinforced with graphite showed the identity of their pore structures. A method is proposed for assessing the homogeneity of pore structures by means of multiple measurements of microhardness in various areas of porous polymers. It was found that the developed technological process for production of porous PTFE and a porous composite based on PTFE reinforced with graphite ensures the formation of homogeneous pore structures.

The values of the microhardness of porous PTFE have been obtained. The graphite reinforcement of the polymer matrix is shown to decreas the elasticity and increas the strength of their interpore parti-tions. This made it possible to obtain filter materials capable of maintaining the specified parameters of the pore structure and operating reliably at elevated temperatures up to 250.

Microcars as one ways to reduce the harmful impact of transportation problems on a modern city

2022-08-16T20:28:17+00:00

The need to substantiate the advantages of the three-wheeled microcar as a new alternative type of urban individual vehicle is due to its unusual, special consumer and operational properties, which are aimed at simultaneously solving many transport problems of the modern city.

Analysis of existing microcars shows that despite the disadvantages, each of them has the main advantages - small size, lower energy consumption for transporting one person, less harmful emissions, high maneuverability. Today we can note a real boom among the world's most famous automakers in an attempt to create their own micro-vehicle as soon as possible. As for criticism, it is usually aimed at low informativeness of the microcar, ie it is harder to notice on the road; the level of passive safety is also much lower than that of a conventional car. In addition, this new mode of transport sometimes creates obstacles to the movement of traffic, especially when its maximum speed does not exceed 45-50 km / h. It is also possible to observe confusion of bodies controlling traffic safety, concerning alleged absence of the legislative norms concerning the charter of microcars, that to the permission of their operation. Of course, this does not apply to all countries, in the US and England the term "microcars" is legal, and there are other examples. In England, the classification also includes a term related to micro-vehicles - "bubble" (meaning "bubble"). This is how urban single-seater microcars, which look like glass bubbles, were once called [2,14]. In addition, the analysis shows that one way or another, the above shortcomings in some designs are quite successfully resolved. It follows that having gathered, in one concept car the maximum of positive qualities, it is possible to create the microcar capable to become the real competitor to today's traditional car which has flooded the modern city

Study of the collection of cabbage as a source material for breeding

2022-08-16T20:28:24+00:00

The results of the study of the collection of cabbage at the Institute of vegetable and melon growing of the National Agrarian Academy of Sciences of Ukraine are presented. In Ukraine, the most widespread varieties are the varieties of the Central European group, which are valuable samples for breeding for yield and for resistance to head cracking. A collection of cabbage source material is needed to create high-yielding varieties and hybrids of different ripening periods, which are characterized by a high yield of marketable products. The collection contains varieties of white cabbage of early and late maturity, varieties of red cabbage, savoy, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower and kohlrabi. The predominant number of varieties is represented by white cabbage, most of which are varieties of late ripening. It is white cabbage of late ripening varieties that is in greatest demand among the population.

It was found that the marketability of heads of early ripening varieties of cabbage was mainly within the range of 80–90 %, and that of the late ripening period ranged from 90 to 100 %. In terms of yield and weight of marketable head of cabbage, late-ripening cabbage varieties exceeded early-maturing ones by 14 %. Plants of early-ripening varieties are small in size: the diameter of the rosette of leaves is not more than 60 cm. Late-ripening varieties in terms of the diameter of the rosette are medium (60–80 cm) or large (over 80 cm). Among the collection specimens of late white cabbage, the greatest breeding value are specimens of the Amager and Biloruska varieties, as well as the red cabbage varieties of the Langeideiker variety. Among the collection specimens of early white cabbage, specimens of varieties Ditmarska rannya and Gollandska rannya are of the greatest breeding value. Among the presented species diversity of cabbage, any species can be a donor of the duration of the growing season.

The yielding capacity and plant stand of fiber flax with respect to the plant stand density before harvesting

2022-08-16T20:28:30+00:00

The fiber flax yielding capacity and plant stand prove to be the factors affecting the choice of the operation regimes of flax harvesters, whereas the changes and variability of morphological characters of stalks compli-cates their technological adjustment, thus making it impossible to use mechanization means under preparing and harvesting dew retted flax straw.

The yielding capacity of fiber flax is characterized by the crop seed and straw yield and long fiber count, as well as the fant stand before harvesting – by its equalization capacity, flax box formation character and the part of non-productive stalks in it. The dimensional characteristics of stalks are evaluated by the mean square deviations and the variation coefficients of the corresponding morphological characters.

The paper suggests the changes in the fiber flax seed and straw yielding capacity, in the count of long fi-ber and plant stand equalization depending on the plant stand density before harvesting. These changes are presented in the form of the corresponding graphs and correlation and repression equations. Depending on the plant stand density the change in the fiber flax seed and straw yielding capacity and the count of long fiber are described by the convex parabolas of the second order, and the equalization capacity of plant stand with re-spect to the plant height – by the gradually rising hyperbola. The author determines the optimal plant stand density that maximizes flax produce yielding capacity and the quality of fiber component of fiber flax yield.

The paper highlights the effects of the plant stand density before harvesting on the changes in the flax box formation capacity, the part of non-productive stalks in it, the mean square deviation of flax box formation, the coefficients of variation of height and diameter of stalks. The author investigates the changes in the mass of plants with ramified inflorescences, flax boxes with seeds and the mass of the hackled stalk and seed on the stalk depending on the stand density. Depending on the plant stand density the change in the part of non-productive stalks in it is described by the gradually rising hyperbola, and the rest of the investigated characters and their statistical indices – by the equations of gradually falling hyperbolas with specified parameters of these hyperbolas.

The indices of variability of the stalk and plant stand dimensional characters can be used for determining and substantiating adjustments in the combine hackling unit.

Substantiation of the sorption activity of dump blast furnace slag

2022-08-16T20:28:38+00:00

The purpose of this work is to substantiate the sorption activity of dump blast furnace slags. To achieve the goal the mineralogical, elemental and radionuclide composition of dump blast furnace slags from Ukrainian enterprises has been determined. Modern research methods were used: minerals were de-termined using X-ray phase analysis on a Siemens D500 powder diffractometer with subsequent calculation of X-ray diffraction patterns by the Rietveld method; the chemical elemental composition of the slags was determined using the method of electron probe microanalysis on a scanning electron microscope JSM-6390 LV; the gamma-spectrometric analysis of the slag was performed using a SEG-001 "AKP-S" scintillation gamma-spectrometer. The main mineral phases of slags are pseudowollastonite, rankinite, okermanite, bredigite, and helenite. Mineral phases (pseudowollastonite, bredigite and okermanite), which have hydraulic activity, have been identified. Increased hydraulic activity as a kind of chemical reactivity is associated with sorption activity. Therefore, with an increased total content of hydraulically active minerals, these slags can be used as sorbents. It is shown that, according to elemental analysis, the slags are non-toxic. The presence of certain elements ( , , , і ) that are not part of the minerals indicates the implementation of other mechanisms of binding of elements in addition to entering the crystals of minerals, namely the presence of an amorphous substance or adsorption of elements by slag particles. This is confirmed by a highly developed surface with a large amount of fragmentary material, micron size of lamellar or needle-shaped particles, what defines a large number of vacancy dislocations. The radiation safety of the investigated slag fractions has been substantiated. The presence of , and radionuclides in the slags was established. The specific activities of natural radionuclides have been experimentally determined and the effective specific activities of granulometric slag fractions have been calculated. The main contribution to the value is made by the radionuclide, then by . of blast furnace slag is lower than the standard value of 370 Bq/kg for the first hazard class, which determines the absence of restrictions on the use of waste as technical materials, including sorbents, has been proved.

Analysis and prospects of technological and design features of rotary working bodies for surface tillage

2022-08-16T20:28:45+00:00

The main task of agriculture is to meet the ever-growing needs of the population with ecologically clean plant growing food, animal husbandry - with fodder, and the processing industry - with agricultural raw mate-rials. A successful solution to this problem is possible under the condition of expanded reproduction of soil fertility, high field culture and crop yields.

Accordingly, the purpose of the study was to carry out a comparative analysis and perspectives of technological and design features of rotary working bodies for surface tillage in order to bring it to the op-timal state of growth of cultivated plants, using various working bodies of passive or active action.

The research was carried out by means of technological and structural analysis of technologies and machines for surface tillage. In the process of research, methods of comparison and mathematical model-ing of technological processes were used. The information base of the research was the works of Ukrainian and foreign scientists on technologies and machines for surface tillage.

On the basis of the comparative analysis and the prospects of technological and design features of ro-tary working bodies for surface tillage, evidence of their disadvantages: low speed of movement of the tool (up to 1.5 m/s) and, accordingly, low productivity; high frequency of rotation of the rotor shaft (540-1000 min^-1), which leads to high energy consumption; high specific metal consumption and energy consumption of structures. The advantages of non-powered rotary working bodies include: the ability to work at high speeds (9-15 km / h and more), which allows you to more fully use the energy capabilities of modern high-speed, energy-rich tractors; relatively low energy consumption; simplicity of design; relatively high wear re-sistance; do not require careful maintenance and repair. Therefore, a promising direction for creating new designs of rotary openers is: simplifying the design, improving the quality of soil cultivation, and reducing the energy intensity of the process.

Improving the design of the cultivator working body for inter-row cultivation of weeding crops

2022-08-16T20:28:52+00:00

The intensification of agricultural production provides for solving the problems of soil cultivation in an integrated manner, taking into account all significant factors to fully meet the needs of grown crops. However, traditional technologies and means of mechanization of soil cultivation no longer satisfy the growing needs of crop production. In the development of technologies and agricultural equipment in the agricultural sector of our country, the main trend should be noted - the transition to differentiated mechanized tillage.

In solving the problems of increasing the production of crop production, an important place is occupied by the design and manufacture of modern technology. Therefore, agricultural engineering enterprises, scientists, designers pay great attention to the search for new solutions in the development of efficient equipment. New samples of agricultural machinery for soil cultivation are being designed and manufactured, measures are being taken to expand the capabilities of inventors in creating promising domestic equipment. As a result, Ukrainian agricultural producers use modern, efficient machinery.

At the Lugansk National Agrarian University, several designs of the tillage working body of the cultivator have been developed. A feature of the developments is that the operating working bodies of the cultivator are additionally equipped with rational mechanisms that ensure the separation of weeds from the soil, improve conditions for plant development, soil condition, reduce the use of herbicides and increase crop yields.

Based on the results obtained, a manufacturing technology was developed and an improved sample of the cultivator working body was manufactured. For various soil and climatic conditions, replaceable working elements have been designed to separate the weed from the soil and loosen it. The implementation of such solutions will allow the development to be applied in different regions of Ukraine

Analysis of separation and transportation mechanisms for root potato harvesters

2022-08-16T20:28:58+00:00

Potatoes are one of the most widespread crops in Ukraine; most domestic farms are engaged in its production - from the population to large agricultural firms. Moreover, about 95% of the potatoes produced falls on household farms, which are characterized by the widespread use of manual labor in most of the technological assembly operations and the low mechanization of the harvesting process in general.

Harvesting remains the most resource-intensive process in potato production, be-cause today, as you know, the share of energy and labor costs of harvesting processes is 50-60% and 60-70%, respectively.

Accordingly, the purpose of the study was to carry out a comparative analysis of the separation and transport mechanisms for potato root harvesting machines, designed to speed up the cleaning of the heap from impurities and the loading of potato tubers into the body of vehicles.

The research was carried out by means of technological and structural analysis of technologies and machines for harvesting potatoes. In the process of research, methods of comparison and mathematical modeling of technological processes were used. The information base of the research was the works of Ukrainian and foreign scientists on technologies and machines for harvesting potatoes.

On the basis of the comparative analysis carried out, the separation and transportation mechanisms are designed to clean the heap from impurities and to load potato tubers into the body of vehicles. Card diggers-loaders, depending on the soil and climatic conditions of work, are equipped with various types of separating bodies: bar sieves, wide-slatted haulm-separating conveyor, etc.

The need of Ukrainian potato producers for a cheap and at the same time reliable po-tato harvester is relevant today and in the near future. Taking into account the develop-ment of mechanical engineering, such requirements can be provided by a simple and compact design of a single-row or double-row harvester of domestic production. To in-crease the productivity and quality of combine harvesters, when designing their struc-tures, it is necessary to take into account the future requirements for mechanization and automation of work processes.

Ways to improve the performance of agricultural machines

2022-08-16T20:29:05+00:00

The main task of the agricultural branch of Ukraine is to increase the production of quality products. In this regard, the government pays great attention to the development of agricultural machine building, and purchases advanced equipment samples. Modern highly efficient machines are being designed, the capacities of agricultural machinery manufacturers are increasing, promising equipment samples are being purchased. As a result of these measures, Ukrainian agrarians use modern efficient machinery.

The intensification of the production process in the agricultural sector is mainly due to the increase in the speed of equipment in operation. This leads to an increase in the power parameters of machines, their loading and the tension of parts and assemblies.

Domestic agricultural machine builders managed to ensure an increase in the level of permissible stresses, but the cost of purchasing spare parts increased significantly.

The reason for this unfavorable situation is the increase in dynamic and non-technological loads, which led to new issues in the design of agricultural machinery. In addition, non-technological loads significantly exceed technological ones.

Thus, the development of measures to improve the performance of agricultural machines has become a problem that domestic farmers expect to be solved.

The first stage of this work is the analysis and evaluation of known solutions, as well as the choice of rational parameters of the machine units, which provide the required level of machine performance. In the case when the known schemes cannot solve the assigned tasks, a creative search for new solutions is necessary.

The creation of a rational agricultural machine system is the development of a design solution that meets the criteria for ensuring the process parameters, operability, safety factor and economic criterion.

Analysis of the formation of loads during the robot of agricultural equipment and the development of circuit solutions for machines according to the formulated criteria are ways that will ensure an increase in the performance of agricultural machines.

Prospective aspects in the robotization development of animal husbandry processes

2022-08-16T20:29:11+00:00

Robotization covers almost all the main, time-consuming and monotonous technological processes of animal husbandry – feed preparation and distribution, milking, manure cleaning, wool cutting, control, counting and packing of eggs, etc. Each of these processes is currently in a different degree of robotization. For example, all the main technological stages of milk production are already robotized so completely that further improvement of the developed automatic milking complexes is only possible. Apparently, a similar situation should develop over time in other labor-intensive, but much less or not at all robotic livestock industries. On the other hand, processes that require a creative, intelligent approach to solving technological problems of animal husbandry are still out of the field of view of developers of robotic systems. Mass vaccination of animals or veterinary control of livestock, treatment and biotechnological procedures can be mentioned among such non-robotic routine processes.

Biotechnology of animal husbandry is a promising and priority direction of development of the industry, aimed at accelerated improvement of existing and creation of new breeds and species of animals in order to maximize production. Currently, only some of the processes of animal biotechnology are partially automated – the processes of DNA technologies and only certain operations of cellular and genetic engineering, for example, cell sorting, individual micro- and electromanipulations with cells.

The article offers a conditional scheme of prospects for the development of traditional and innovative processes of animal husbandry. The first ones are the main ones (milking, feeding, manure harvesting). they are now robotic to varying degrees and have prospects for improvement to full robotization. The latter are auxiliary (veterinary, biotechnological, breeding, etc.), not yet robotic, but have significant prospects for robotization in the next 5 – 15 years due to the introduction of separate automated devices and devices.

Improving the efficiency of the technological process of the elevator complex due to optimal routing

2022-08-16T20:29:17+00:00

Today, more and more often the question arises in increasing productivity at elevator complexes, since the need for constant colored results and economy of the production process is always relevant. Therefore, problems arise in the search for new methods for improving and optimizing the technological process. This article analyzes modern methods of constructing technological routes for the transportation of grain products. The relevance of this topic is substantiated on the basis of the incomplete performance of technological equipment involved in transportation, quality indicators of the process and the quality of grain transported. Ana-lyzing the state of this issue, one of the main reasons for the underutilization of the productive capacity of the technological equipment of the elevator complex, along with organizational reasons, insufficient technical relia-bility and product quality, is the lack of a developed automated control system, which does not allow the oper-ator to effectively manage the process under operating conditions. As a result of increased requirements for automated systems and their equipment, traditional means of regulation and management are technologically and economically ineffective, since the organization and functional structure of both enterprises and the auto-mated system remains unchanged, and the quality of the technological process cannot be improved in any way. Therefore, on the basis of research to solve this problem in the field of automated control and visualiza-tion of the technological process, optimization criteria were determined, the introduction of which will reduce the negative indicators of the technological process. A certain way of applying the optimization criteria, built on the basis of microprocessor-based automation equipment (microcontrollers, logic programmable controllers, etc.).

Development of an automated technological line of production of feed for livestock with the adjustment the quality of the end product

2022-08-16T20:29:23+00:00

The modes of operation of the electric drive of working machines in the agro-industrial complex are analyzed. A detailed substantiation of the properties of devices that are part of electromechanical systems is carried out and ways of adjusting efficiency of work on reduction of energy consumption are given. In scientific work, great importance was given to the mechanical characteristics of asynchronous motors and the properties of the converter as a receiver of electric energy. Using asynchronous electric drive is proved, in practice, it is possible to reduce losses in the unregulated speed of the engine and in the feed line, thus reducing the voltage on the engine shaft, using reactive power compensation. The article presented in the review reviews the main modes of operation of the electric drive of working machines in the agro-industrial complex. A detailed substantiation of the properties of the devices that are part of the electromechanical systems is carried out and ways of adjusting the efficiency of work on reducing energy consumption are given. The analysis of the main methods of energy saving in the electric drives of the agro-industrial complex is carried out, which allows changing at the moment the supply to the working body of the required power with minimal losses. A structured system of frequency converter asynchronous motor with short-circuit rotor, which shows the detailed connection of the converter to the electric drive, is a promising technical solution of the modern regulated electric drive in the coming years. The results of numerical calculations of the parameters of the energy process of transport of energy from the source to the consumer are obtained, which may be useful in the development and implementation of modern efficient energy saving control algorithms. Studies have shown that replacing unladen electric motors in the agroindustrial complex with engines of lower power yelds significant electricity savings.

Determination of the activating effect of low-energy laser radiation on the root system of beans

2022-08-16T20:29:29+00:00

An experimental study to determine the activation effect of low-energy laser radiation on the physiological parameters of bean sprouts, affecting their root system. To conduct the experiment, a laboratory stand was built, which included: a control panel, a tank with nutrient solution and a holder for growing beans, sources of artificial lighting of plants and the design of their installation, aeration unit and laser installation. The tank with nutrient solution and holder was a hydroponic installation based on the method of hydrogen culture and floating platform system. The biostimulation solution itself contained a set of certain chemical elements and their concentrations for growing beans. The operation of the laboratory stand began with the supply of power to the control panel, and from it commands were given to turn on the sources of artificial lighting of plants, the aeration unit of the nutrient solution and the laser device. The technology of laser treatment of bean sprout roots was also developed, which was based on division of 30 sprouts into 3 groups of 10 units, the first and second groups were irradiated with a laser with appropriate parameters of wavelength and dose, and the third was control. The sprout was taken from the appropriate row and placed in a glass container over which was the emitter at a height of 0.01 m, while clearly affecting the suction zone of the root system, and then returned to its original position. According to the results of the experiment, a set of data was obtained that testifies to the effectiveness of laser stimulation of bean roots.

Calculation of a specialized antenna for biological research

2022-08-16T20:29:34+00:00

As transmission lines in the decimeter and centimeter wavelength ranges, mainly waveguides, coaxial and strip lines are used. Currently, devices called strip lines are widely used. Stripe lines are devices that consist of two or more conductive strips along which an electromagnetic wave propagates. There are many types of strip lines. Typically, such lines are made in the form of thin metal layers deposited on dielectric sheets. Materials with low losses in the considered microwave range are used as such substrates.

Strip lines are capable of transmitting energy on a TEM wave at virtually any frequency.

It is known that TEM-type vibrations can propagate in a strip line only if it is a lossless system and is completely filled with a homogeneous isotropic dielectric. At present, the most common strip lines are made of solid dielectric plates with thin layers of metal deposited on them in some way. In such a system, the field is mainly concentrated around the charged plate; the characteristics of the line practically do not change if we assume that it is in an infinite dielectric. In this work, the electrical characteristics of the strip waveguide are calculated, which makes it possible to implement its practical implementation, to choose the geometric dimensions of the antenna. The calculation technique used in this work allows one to obtain fairly simple analytical expressions characterizing the distribution of fields of wave impedances, linear capacities and other parameters of antenna systems.

Influence of external electromagnetic field on physiological metabolic processes in plant cells

2022-08-16T20:29:39+00:00

The possibility of slowing down the respiration processes of plant cells with the help of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation, which allows to increase the shelf life and maintain product quality, is considered. To slow down the respiratory processes and increase the shelf life of fruits and vegetables, the process of transfer of ions and protons across the cell membrane was considered. Determination of numerical values of biotropic parameters of information electromagnetic radiation for inhibition of synthesis of ethylene released by fruit and vegetable products, on the basis of models describing the process of plant cell respiration under the influence of electromagnetic radiation. To inhibit the intensity of fetal respiration, the process of regulating the transport of ions and protons across the mitochondrial membrane is described. The expression for the current density through the cell membrane is obtained, which allows to determine the frequency of electromagnetic radiation and the potential on the membrane, which lead to blocking the respiration of fruits during their long-term storage. Theoretical calculations of the values of biotropic parameters of the electromagnetic field for maximum blocking the movement of ions through channels in the cell membrane are equal to electromagnetic radiation with a frequency of 33.5… 36 GHz, and the artificial potential on the membrane should not exceed 120 mV. Exposure to external electromagnetic radiation with optimal parameters increases the probability of possible blocking of the channels of ion movement by almost 7-8 times. According to such conditions, the metabolism at the level of cell membranes and the process of their respiration will slow down, which will naturally affect the shelf life of fruit and vegetables.

The analysis of regulation of power quality as a component of quality of power sup-ply for agricultural consumers

2022-08-16T20:29:45+00:00

The power quality in rural distribution networks is analysed in article. A conclusion about power quality there is much worse, than in cities what affects the efficiency of electrified technological processes is made. Also the basic directions of regulation of power quality in Ukraine - introduction of standards and minimal requirements on power quality, realization of indemnifications and penalties, informing and making commitments are analysed. A conclusion about necessity of acceptance of actual editions of the standards harmonized with the European standards is made. Also the unsatisfactory situation with absence in the da-tabases of standards about electromagnetic compatibility of the equipment is revealed when they are oper-ating in Ukraine. The analysis of the consumer’s rights to receive quality electricity and indemnifications if there is a non-compliance with the guaranteed quality standards of power supply which concern to power quality, has shown, that protection of the consumers rights with acceptance of the quality standards of power supply has improved. And introduction of the effective mechanism of granting of indemnifications to consumers is one of ways of regulation, which purpose as well improvement of the power quality. The con-sumers duties to use of equipment which do not worsen power quality, and to eliminate of the reasons if have worsened is analysed. It has shown, that the control over these duties is complicated owing to a unsat-isfactory situation with availability of the standards about electromagnetic compatibility and lack of power quality control devices of a certain class of measurements for Distribution Systems Operators.

Model of system dynamics of a complex ergatic super system of technogenic and ecological safety of the state

2022-08-16T20:29:51+00:00

Human society exists surrounded by the natural environment and consuming its material and energy resources and returning to it harmful waste of its activities. The planet’s ecosystem is a set of components of the “noosphere”, the super-complex interaction of which determines its general state. Industrial and agricultural production and vital activities of human society absorb huge amounts of mineral resources in the form of minerals and energy, fresh water, atmospheric oxygen, resources of flora and fauna, violating the “systemic” sustainability of the environment, polluting the land, water and air with harmful industrial waste. All this leads to the gradual exhaustion of the planet’s ecosystem abilities to self-healing (properties of “homeostasis”) and threatens the occurrence of man-caused accidents and disasters as well as violation of normal living conditions for the mankind. Thus, it is the scientific field of “civil defence” and practical activities on technogenic safety which are gaining national importance for the country.

The paper presents a structural and functional model of a complex ergatic super system, which implements all the principal attributes of the “state” super system at the first level of decomposition to the “subsystems” being areas of the activities. A generalized simulation model of system dynamics for the “state” super system has been developed. An algorithm for the implementation of a simulation model of system dynamics is presented. The methodological basis of the research for the social and technical sciences is the “systems approach”, the scientific concept of systemology, the object of which is “society” as a “super-complex system” of its abstract scientific model. An ergatic “complex” system is considered to be an artificial formation of organizational type, the composition of “forces” of specialists which is able to form the desired (in terms of volume and modality) “effect” upon objects of controlled use of general and special purpose “resources”. The “technogenic and ecological safety” (TES), object of the scientific research, should therefore be considered as a “complex” system which is a “subsystem” to the national safety system, and the latter a subsystem of the “state” super system (according to the principle of “hierarchy” of complex systems by L. von Bertalanffy).

Electrochemical purification of soils from hydrocarbon contaminations

2022-08-16T20:29:59+00:00

The most important scientific and practical task in the field of environmental safety is the development and improvement of methods for cleaning and restoring contaminated soils. Domestic sources mainly analyze the content of potentially toxic microelements (Cd, Hg, As), control over the accumulation of heavy metals in soil and plants, methods of detoxification of heavy metals technically accumulated in the soil. One of the most effective and economically viable methods is electrochemical cleaning, which does not require the use of expensive chemicals and soil excavation. Methods of electrochemical cleaning of soils from pollutants are widely studied and implemented in many countries. Similar technologies are used in the USA, Western European countries, Japan and China. In Ukraine, there are only separate organizations that carry out soil restoration using electrical processing. Large-scale tests of the Lasagna electrochemical soil cleaning technology were carried out by Montana, Dupon and General Electric. Rows of electrodes were placed in the soil parallel to the area being cleaned. However, in this case, it is necessary to take into account the unevenness of the pollution of different soil areas. The article discusses the features of the organization and technical equipment of electrochemical cleaning of unevenly contaminated soils using a direct current electric power source, the method of calculating the design parameters of the corresponding installation is considered, the design of an electrode pair for cleaning unevenly contaminated soils is considered. Effective cleaning of unevenly contaminated soil when using a given voltage is possible with the use of electrodes of different sizes. For each type of soil, the amount of electric charge required for cleaning is determined by the concentration of the pollutant. Placing cathodes and anodes with parallel batteries and connecting them with individual buses is an effective and energy-saving solution, since an electric field is created in the interelectrode space that is close to uniform, which makes it possible to reduce the interelectrode resistance of the medium.

Rubbish control in Kharkivs’ka oblast

2022-08-16T20:30:05+00:00

In this article analyzed and described the state of Kharkiv`ska oblast, which includes the number of garbage dumps and landfills. The composition of solid waste landfills is considered and information is given about the negative impact of garbage pollution on land and plants, the release of heavy gases into the atmosphere, as well as the flammability of waste. Risks for the health of people living near landfills and dumps, obstacles in everyday life and housekeeping are also described. The harm of landfills to the topsoil and the difficulties of environmental remediation are highlighted. Additionally drawn attention to research by scientists regarding increased risk of cancer and respiratory tract irritation. Pointed to the relevance and price of containers for separate garbage collection, the wrong move on the part of the city government to buy more expensive outdated trash cans and containers. In the objectives of the work is added that the Ukrainians need to change their attitude to the surrounding world and to protect the native land, and the authorities to introduce programs to stimulate and encourage people to sort SW, sometimes act more strictly and even impose penalties. On the example of European countries their approach to waste management and disposing is described. Mentioned the factories that incinerate waste that is not recyclable by low-temperature and high-temperature pyrolysis. The principal scheme of pyrolysis is given, the technology of this process is described and the difference between semi-coking and coking is highlighted. The advantages and disadvantages of pyrolysis are given separately. At the end, conclusions are drawn, which encourage to action and love of nature.